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English part of Serbian history
Significant written sources from the Serb history regarding intelligence-security activities date from the period of rule of Czar Dusan. "Dusanov zakonik" (Czar Dusan's Code) is the first historically significant legal document in which a description of such activities can be perceived. Relying on the Byzantine experience, Czar Dusan introduced as many as 70 different titles into the administrative structures of his rule, some of which were connected with intelligence-security activities.
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Here is the part of Serbian history From the First Serbian Uprising (1804) up to World War I (1914)
The development of modern security, and in certain forms, intelligence activities on the territory of Serbia, dates from the beginning of the XIX century, namely immediately prior to and during the First Serbian Uprising.
In 1804, at the very beginning of the First Serbian Uprising, the willingness of the rebels to engage in the development of intelligence activities was not evident, especially regarding the organizing of data gathering concerning Turkish intentions and plans. Intelligence work was primarily focused on the military-political segment of the uprising, and the military and civil sectors were not essentially separated. All information regarding Turkish intentions and movements were obtained from war prisoners and civilians coming from areas controlled by the Turkish governors. First examples of double-play, i.e. the re-recruiting of Turkish agents, originate from this period.
Great importance was given to the internal security of the uprising and every incidence of compromise and cooperation was cut down at the roots. Betrayal, defeatism and espionage were, from the very beginning, considered as extremely grave criminal acts and were, as such, severely punished. During the First Serbian Uprising, in the scope of intelligence-security activities, misinforming emerges and it is aimed at deceiving the Turkish population. For the purpose of strengthening the uprising, the rebels were giving different information, primarily for propaganda-mobilization purposes.
The first official document from the time of Karadjordje, significant for the development of intelligence-security activities, is the "Nacertanije" from March 1810. The first article of this document, for the first time, separates police and military work, and establishes the position of "Head of the Police" responsible to the "Popeciteljstvo" (Ministry), and superior to the so-called "liktors" - assistants for the interior, foreign and secret service. In late 1810, as a result of conflicts with some of the Dukes and his desire to strengthen his authority, Karadjordje set in motion an initiative concerning a new session of the Parliament, with the aim to overcome piled up problems between the most prominent Serbian leaders. One of the most significant results of Parliament activities, which held its session in January 1811, was the founding of six Popeciteljstva (Ministries), including the "Popeciteljstvo vnutreni dela" (Ministry of Interior) where Jakov Nenadovic was appointed Minister - the first Serbian Minister of Interior. Apart from ensuring the respect of legality in the work of state bodies, combating haiduk activities (anti-Turkish highwaymen), ensuring the control of roads and crossings, and the sustaining of public law and order, the jurisdiction of the Minister included other activities in the field of state security.
These were the largest accomplishments regarding the organizing of the state administration and the activities of public and state security, since the unsuccessfulness of the First Serbian Uprising marked the collapse of all attempts made by the Serbs to establish, in a more serious manner, state administration bodies in relation to the Central Turkish Government.
In the period of his first rule (1815 - 1839), Prince Milos Obrenovic gave significance to the organizing of intelligence-security activities, in view of the circumstances prevailing at that time and the way in which he came to power. The main task of the bodies in charge of implementing activities from the filed of intelligence-security work, was to secure the rule of Prince Milos, both from the Turks and other foreign political and military factors, and from internal opponents.
From 1830, Prince Milos organizes his rule in compliance with strict centralistic principles. Only then began the organizing of administrative institutions, courts and other state institutions. Intelligence-security bodies at the time of Prince Milos controlled every aspect of social life, they were engaged in all political and administrative activities, they were occupied with the economical aspect of life in Serbia, with the functioning of medical care, education, the press, the Church, the traffic etc. Apart from the internal political life of the country, intelligence activities were also directed at the foreign policy of Serbia of that time.
An important year for the further development of intelligence-security activities in the territory of Serbia up to 1914 was the year 1862 when a centralized state administration in the Principality of Serbia was established, having seven newly formed ministries, including the Ministry of Interior. Apart from public security, the Ministry of Interior was in charge of activities which may be classified as intelligence-security activities based on worldwide experience regarding the development of state security work. By subsequent amendments of the organization of the central state administration, the Department for Confidential Police Work was formed within the Ministry of Interior, responsible for the maintaining of the internal social order and the overall security of the country. This represents a second serious attempt to form civilian intelligence-security bodies in Serbia. After this attempt, it was not until the end of World War I that systematic solutions in this significant field of state administration were reached.
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Karadjordjevic
He was the king of Serbia |
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This is Knez Milos Obrenovic
He is an Military count
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Knez Mihailo Obrenovic
Led the best Serbian troops |
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Between the two World Wars (1918 - 1941)
In view of the general situation of the newly founded Kingdom, as a young European state, one of the first tasks of the government bodies was the establishing of an effective intelligence-security system which could withstand all internal and external threats. The system developed within two key services: the Ministry for Military Affairs and the Ministry of Interior.
On December 20th 1918, by Edict of Regent Aleksandar Karadjordjevic, the Ministerial Council (the Government) was formed which included the Ministry of Interior. According to the Organizational Act dated May 8th 1918, state security matters were placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry.
On December 23rd 1920, state security maters are transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly founded Department for State Protection within the Ministry of Interior. The Department for State Protection was responsible for the management and directing of all matters connected to the application of laws and legal provisions regarding state security in whole. It was obliged to prepare new bills, acts and regulations whose main goal was the protection of the State, as well as to propose measures, issue orders and carry out other activities connected to state protection, namely to ensure the security of the State, and to undertake measures to suppress destructive propaganda aimed against the State.
This organizational form remained until 1929 and the introduction of the June 6th Dictatorship. In June 1929 a Law on internal administration was passed, regulating the organization of the Ministry of Interior. The Ministry of Interior of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was generally divided into two organizational entities:
1) The Directorate for Public Security, comprised of four departments (Administrative Department, Criminal Police, Traffic Police and Technical Police); and
2) The Directorate for State Security, comprised of three departments:
a) Political Department,
b) Special Intelligence Department and
c) Special Security Department.
a) The Political Department represented the Central Police and was tasked with suppressing activities of political opponents to the regime, especially activities of left-wing organizations. The Department was in charge of performing intelligence-security work by applying agency methods in conducting investigations against imprisoned persons and in cooperating in that field with the Court for the protection of the State. There were three Sections within the Department: 1) the Political Section; 2) the Section for Associations and 3) the Section for the control of the Press and printing shops.
b) The Special Intelligence Department was responsible for counterintelligence work, namely for the detection and suppressing of activities of foreign intelligence services of countries in the immediate surrounding of the Kingdom, as well as other activities which might endanger the security of the State (propaganda aimed against the State, terrorism and similar). It was divided into five sections according to the policy principle: Bulgarian-Albanian, Hungarian, Italian, German and other European states. The organization and work methodology of this Department were taken over and adapted to its needs by the Administration of the city of Belgrade immediately upon its founding on January 14th 1930. The Department had its permanent branches in Belgrade, Zagreb, Ljubljana, Maribor, Split, Osijek, Subotica, Novi Sad, Sarajevo, Skoplje, Nis and Kragujevac. In the implementation of its work and tasks, the Department closely cooperated with the Military Counterintelligence Service, and its field of work also included the exposure of foreign intelligence service agents, monitoring the work of diplomatic-consular and pseudo-diplomatic missions engaged in propaganda aimed against the State, as well as of organizations and associations which, under the influence of foreign states, represented interests contrary to the official policy of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
c) Special security Department was responsible for keeping records on persons significant for national security. It carried out the organization of analytical work, and it had a Central filing office as part of its structure.
Adapting to the overall political-security milieu, as well as the situation within the country and abroad in the last decade prior to the beginning of World War II, the Ministry, and especially the bodies in charge of state security, were primarily engaged in the following: the exposure and identification of members and activities of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), the Communist Youth League of Yugoslavia (SKOJ), as well as the syndicates; counterintelligence activities against foreign intelligence services of neighboring countries which had territorial aspirations towards Yugoslavia; and activities against the extremist political emigration, especially with regards to the Croat Ustasha Movement (pro-fascist collaborators) (HUP) which was active from Italy, Hungary, Austria and Germany, VMRO (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization) et al.
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World War II (1941 - 1945)
The development of intelligence-security activities and intelligence-security institutions at the time of World War II in the territory of Yugoslavia can be examined from two angles.
First of all, after the April war and the signing of the capitulation on April 17th 1941, the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was divided into a number of occupied zones (German, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian). In an attempt to form occupying administrative bodies in their zones, and to establish full control over all developments significant for their military-political activities, the occupying forces of the stated countries began to build their own police and intelligence-security structures which were anticipated to represent the main instrument of their power. The other angle for examining the development of intelligence-security activities in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II refers to the forming of intelligence-security institutions within the structures of the People's Liberation Movement (NOP) in the liberated territories, which was significant for the development of intelligence and security structures after World War II.
Namely, during the preparations and at the beginning of the uprising against the occupying forces, intelligence and security institutions developed under the direct leadership of the KPJ, through traditional intelligence strongholds. With the beginning of the armed struggle against the occupying forces, more serious activities on the organizing of intelligence and security work within KPJ and NOP structures were initiated. In that sense, the development of the security service can be divided into two periods: 1) up to the Second session of the Anti-Fascist Council of People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), and 2) from the Second session of AVNOJ up to the constitutional founding of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FNRJ).
Two intelligence-security organizations operated within the NOP in the first period: the Intelligence Service of the People's Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments (NOV and PO), in charge of intelligence and counterintelligence work of the Service and the Security Service.
- The Intelligence Service of the NOV and PO, the first intelligence bodies of the Partisan Detachments, began work at the recommendation and according to the instructions given by the Supreme Commander Josip Broz Tito in the Bulletin of the NOV and POJ Headquarters from 1941. The command bodies of the Partisan Detachments undertook, on the basis of those recommendations, the organizing of intelligence activities, which were primarily focused on occupied territories. In the organizational sense, the Service had two sections:
1) the Information Sectionin charge of gathering intelligence data on enemy armed formations; and
2) the Counterespionage Section (counterintelligence work), in charge of protecting NOV units, combating the "Fifth column" (the quislings), and breaking of enemy codes.
- The Security Service began developing in the liberated territories with the goal to prevent the activities of agents of the occupying forces. In April 1943, by the Decision of the Supreme NOV and POJ Headquarters, the Commission for combating the "fifth column" and terrorism was formed, and its assigned task was to protect liberated territories from the penetration of enemy intelligence services. After the reorganization of the Commission for combating the "fifth column" and terrorism in early September 1943, the Section for the Security of the People (OZN) was established, and its main obligation was to ensure counterintelligence protection of the liberated territory and NOV and POJ structures. In late 1943, after the Second session of AVNOJ, the Supreme Headquarters of NOV and POJ reorganizes the Intelligence Service of NOV, and all counterintelligence activities are transferred from the Intelligence Service to the jurisdiction of OZN.
On May 13th 1944, the Department for the Security of the People (Ozna) was formed from the Section for the Security of the People (OZN), according to the Directives on the organizational structure of Ozna, thus creating an intelligence-security institution having the following jurisdiction: offensive political intelligence work towards foreign countries and the occupied territory, counterintelligence protection of the liberated territory, combating the "internal enemy" and counterintelligence protection of the NOP armed forces. Actually, Ozna emerged from the reorganization of all intelligence, counterintelligence bodies and OZN, as a centralized service organized on military principles having a uniform organizational structure and unique working methods.
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DFJ and FNRJ from 1945 - 1966
With the liberation of Yugoslavia from the occupying forces and the constitutional founding of the second Yugoslavia, i.e. the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FNRJ), conditions were created for the organizing of an overall state administration and the renewal of the Ministries of Interior and Defense, which was the main prerequisite for the organizing of the intelligence-security system of the new State. For that purpose, in March 1946, Ozna was reorganized and new intelligence, counterintelligence and security institutions were formed.
The State Security Administration - UDB (hereinafter - Udba) was formed from certain elements of Ozna, the Radio-center and the Ciphering group as a centralized intelligence-security organization, primarily as part of the Federal Ministry of Interior (SMUP) of the DFJ, and later on as part of the Federal Secretariat of Interior (SSUP) of the FNRJ. Udba had various tasks: on one side it was leading an offensive war towards western intelligence services and the Yugoslav political emigration that fled the country; and on the other side, a defensive war in the field of counterintelligence protection of the state territory and of leading political structures from foreign intelligence services and security services of the "collaborators".
The organization of Udba was strictly centralized: the headquarters of Udba was located in the SSUP of the FNRJ, and it directed the work of the Republic Ministries of Interior, which in turn directed the work of the county Udba missions. From early 1949, after the Cominform Resolution, county departments are established which, up to 1953, direct and manage the work of county Udba missions (for example: in Serbia - Belgrade, Nis, Zajecar, Kragujevac, Uzice), when they were disbanded. In 1956, Udba missions became part of the county Secretariats of Interior (SUP) as organizational units of the Secretariat. This organizational form lasted up to 1967.
In the early 50s, the so-called Coordination Department for the Organization of Intelligence Operations in Foreign Countries was formed within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and it was in charge of cooperation between this Ministry and the Ministry of Interior as the main performer of security-intelligence activities.
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SFRJ from 1966 - 1992
Up to the mid-60s, most of the security functions in Yugoslavia had an emphasized centralistic character, the jurisdiction in the field of interior matters being concentrated on the federal level. Prior to the adoption of Constitutional amendments in 1967 and 1968, the Federation had exclusive authority in the field of protection of the constitutional order, the field of security and control of the state border, as well as the control of passenger traffic through the borders.
The Fourth Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (CK SKJ) held on July 1st 1966, gave a political basis for deeper organizational changes, especially for the adapting of working methods of security bodies to the needs and interests of the self- management society. This was reflected also in the basic Law on interior affairs dated January 1st 1967 which stipulated that state security activities are carried out by federal, republic and provincial bodies for interior affairs. Immediately after the Fourth Plenary Session, the Intelligence service within the Federal Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (SSIP) was also reorganized and it was organizationally and operatively laid on new foundations. The Constitutional amendments of 1971 further determined essential changes concerning the transfer of jurisdiction in the field of interior affairs from the Federation to the Republics and the Autonomous Provinces. The 1974 Constitution of SFRJ made no significant changes regarding the jurisdiction of bodies for interior affairs (of the Federation, the Republics and the Provinces) in relation to the jurisdictions determined in the Constitutional amendments. The Constitution encircled this field in its essential elements in favor of the jurisdictions and responsibilities of the Republics and Autonomous Provinces, including the protection of the Constitutional order, i.e. all elements of state security. At the same time, the concept of public self-protection was introduced, which had a large affect on the further development of the security system.
After the Fourth Plenary Session of the CK SKJ of 1966, the Udba was transformed into the State Security Service (SDB) defined as the expert service of a united security system. The organization and jurisdictions were arranged in such a manner that the SDB SSUP was in charge of directing, coordinating and harmonizing the work of republic and provincial SDBs, and was directly engaged only on the protection of federal bodies and federal officials, the maintaining of contacts with foreign security services, and other activities of interest for the security of SFRJ. The jurisdictions and tasks of the SDB, according to the enactments, were as follows:
1) acting against the internal enemy;
2) counterintelligence protection of the SFRJ territory from foreign intelligence services;
3) acting against the anti-Yugoslav political emigration;
4) protection of public-political officials;
5) counterintelligence protection of civil defense headquarters and units, as well as buildings of special public interest;
6) criminal prosecution (lodging of criminal charges and participation in the criminal and preliminary investigation proceedings, when entrusted to it by the competent court);
7) informing social self-protection entities on the occurrence of "enemy" activities.
In compliance with the changes of the Constitution in 1974 and up to the breakdown of SFRJ and the forming of SRJ, the intelligence-security system of SFRJ was composed of the following state and republic institutions, and intelligence and security institutions:
- the Federal Council for the protection of the Constitutional Order;
- the Republic Councils for the protection of the Constitutional Order;
- the State Security Service on the level of the Federal Secretariat of Interior (SDB SSUP), the Republic and Provincial Secretariats of Interior (SDB RSUP and PSUP), SDB centers and sections on the territorial principle;
- the Intelligence Department of the General staff and the Security Department within the Federal Secretariat of National Defense (SSNO);
- the Research and Documentation Service (SID) within the Federal Secretariat for Foreign Affairs (SSIP).
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SRJ from 1992 - 2002
Events occurring after the Cold War, marked by the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the breakdown of the USSR, the outbreak of a number of local civil and ethnic clashes in Europe (the territory of former Yugoslavia) and in other regions of the world, changes in the NATO strategy, etc., brought about radical conceptual changes in the field of security and defense in most East European countries and in countries of the so-called Third World. In the circumstances of the civil and religious war which tore apart the former SFRJ, experience toppled the main postulates of the former security doctrine.
In the Constitution of SRJ, the concept of defense and security is defined in very general terms and in an abstract way. Only the defense and security spheres of activity were indicated, and even they had to be worked out in more detail in the constitutional amendments and other legal and sub-legal enactments, as well as, the separation of jurisdictions of the Federal State from those of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.
In the deeply disturbed political-security environment, as well as the overall social environment, the model of the intelligence-security system from ex- Yugoslavia was still holding on. Up to the year 2000, the following state institutions and intelligence-security institutions were operating as elements of the SRJ intelligence-security system:
- the Supreme Defense Council, instead of the former Federal Council for the protection of the Constitutional Order (SSZUP);
- within the Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs: the Security Directorate and the Research and Documentation Service (SID);
- the Republic Ministries of Interior (RMUP), with two intelligence-security institutions operating within its structure: the State Security Service (RDB) within the MUP of the Republic of Serbia and the State Security Service (SDB) within the MUP of the Republic of Montenegro;
- within the Yugoslav Army (former JNA - Yugoslav People's Army), two existing intelligence-security institutions continued their work: the Security Department and the Intelligence Department of the General Staff.
The State Security Service (RDB) was part of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia. Based on the then existing regulations, RDB activities could be grouped into the following fields:
1) counterintelligence activities;
2) intelligence activities;
3) prevention of internal extremisms and terrorism;
4) security and protection.
From October 2000, the process of overall state reforms was initiated in the Republic of Serbia, especially of the state administration and its institutions for the purpose of democratization of the society. After a decade of Serbia's total isolation from all contemporary movements, this brought about the creation of a completely new and radically changed overall social environment. The first results in the field of creating democratic institutions and the opening towards European integration processes in all aspects of life, especially in the field of security, underlined the need to carry out a thorough reconstruction of the intelligence-security system, as one of the vital factors within the overall defense and security system of the Republic of Serbia. The creation of a new security concept imposed itself as a priority task, taking into consideration previous experiences and the security tradition, the current status of the Republic of Serbia in the international environment, the influence of external factors on the country's status in the world, as well as the new system of values whose most significant foundations are the rule of law and democratic institutions in all aspects of social life.
In such circumstances, the intelligence-security system in the Republic of Serbia was also faced with new challenges, especially in view of the fact that many issues of the highest national and state interest still remained completely unsolved. The reorganization of existing intelligence and security institutions became one of the strategic tasks for several reasons, primarily because of the new security trends and the security environment in the country's immediate surrounding, in Europe and the world, not forgetting at the same time the new security threats on the national and international level: internal and international terrorism, production and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, production, smuggling and trafficking in drugs, spreading of organized crime on the global level, regional ethnic, religious and other conflicts, et al.
In view of these facts, in early 2001 the Government of the Republic of Serbia proposed an initiative and process for a thorough reorganization of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia, and in this context, the elaboration and adopting of system laws which would regulate the position and role of this Ministry within the defense and security system of Serbia and SRJ. One of the most significant segments of this reorganization concerned changes of the position and role of the State Security Service (RDB) of MUP of the Republic of Serbia, which, in compliance with the overall democratic changes in Serbia, had to modify its position and role within the security system. After several months of public democratic discussions, with the participation of representatives of numerous social segments (governmental and nongovernmental organizations, scientific and expert circles from the field of security et al.), a several bills regarding the future service were proposed. In all of the bills, the new service is anticipated as an independent and specialized Agency of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, separated from the Ministry of Interior, with a radically new sphere of activities and jurisdictions, adapted to the current social moment and the future needs of the Republic of Serbia, bound to the strategic national interests and the concept of national security.
In June 2002, the Government of the Republic of Serbia adopted a Draft bill on the forming of the Security Information Agency of the Republic of Serbia and the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, on the basis of Article 72, paragraph 1, subparagraphs 3 and 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, passed the Law on the Security Information Agency of the Republic of Serbia, which came into effect on July 27th 2002, and which, for the first time in modern Serbian history, separated civilian intelligence-security work from the Ministry of Interior.
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Serbian religon
Serbian leading religon is the orthodox religon wich came from the Soviet union countries.Misionaries tried to convert Serbs to the Chatolic religon but the faith of the ALL MIGHTY SERBS continued to be ORTHODOX |
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Serbian flag
Serbian flag is made from three coulors RED BLUE and WHITE in the middle is an symbol witch is called Samo Sloga Srbina Spasava |
Samo Sloga Srbina Spasava
In this symbol there are 4 C witch represent the Sebs all over the globe |
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Serbian Armies in war 1991
Serbs had some glorious armies in the war 1991 but the JNA army wich was the central army of SFRJ calapsed in the mid 1990 is . Chetniks as they called them came to life again when the partisans defeted them in WW2 |
Most loved SERBS
In this year the image of Slobodan Milosevic is beeing shown to many more people.And there is a man who is beeing hated gen.Dragoljub Mihailovic is the father of al chetniks =(
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